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Based on scientific research by anthropologist Erik Trinkhaus of the Washington University in St. Louis, it's been found out that high heels contribute to less use of the calf muscles, as compared to when wearing flat shoes, which allow women to shift their weight from the rear to the front of their feet while walking. High heels keep the weight concentrated towards the toes, keeping the calves relaxed. Doing calf raises everyday should help compensate for the lack of calf activity while wearing heels.
Trinkhaus also found a time in human history when the toe bones began to shrink. He found a link between this and the first time people began wearing shoes, which began about 40,000 years ago. Pictured above is a preserved sole from an archaeological dump in France which yielded shoe remnants between the 13th and 18th centuries. At left is a visual summary on how wearing heels can result in physical changes to the body.
Care for a high-heeled shoe puzzle, instead?
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